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Что (кто) такое ecological - определение
![pollinate]] have coevolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bombus 6867.JPG?width=200 "pollinate]] have coevolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival.")
![Social display and colour variation in differently adapted species of [[chameleons]] (''Bradypodion'' spp.). Chameleons change their skin colour to match their background as a behavioural defence mechanism and also use colour to communicate with other members of their species, such as dominant (left) versus submissive (right) patterns shown in the three species (A-C) above.<ref name="Stuart-Fox08"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chameleon spectra.jpg?width=200 "Social display and colour variation in differently adapted species of [[chameleons]] (''Bradypodion'' spp.). Chameleons change their skin colour to match their background as a behavioural defence mechanism and also use colour to communicate with other members of their species, such as dominant (left) versus submissive (right) patterns shown in the three species (A-C) above.<ref name=\"Stuart-Fox08\"/>")
![Generalized food web of waterbirds from [[Chesapeake Bay]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chesapeake Waterbird Food Web.jpg?width=200 "Generalized food web of waterbirds from [[Chesapeake Bay]]")
![mutualistic]] relationship. The ants protect the leafhoppers from predators and stimulate feeding in the leafhoppers, and in return, the leafhoppers feeding on plants exude honeydew from their anus that provides energy and nutrients to tending ants.<ref name="Eastwood04"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Common jassid nymphs and ants02.jpg?width=200 "mutualistic]] relationship. The ants protect the leafhoppers from predators and stimulate feeding in the leafhoppers, and in return, the leafhoppers feeding on plants exude honeydew from their anus that provides energy and nutrients to tending ants.<ref name=\"Eastwood04\"/>")
![The layout of the first ecological experiment, carried out in a grass garden at [[Woburn Abbey]] in 1816, was noted by Charles Darwin in ''The Origin of Species''. The experiment studied the performance of different mixtures of species planted in different kinds of soils.<ref name="Hector02" /><ref name="Sinclair26" />](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Darwin EcoExperiment.JPG?width=200 "The layout of the first ecological experiment, carried out in a grass garden at [[Woburn Abbey]] in 1816, was noted by Charles Darwin in ''The Origin of Species''. The experiment studied the performance of different mixtures of species planted in different kinds of soils.<ref name=\"Hector02\" /><ref name=\"Sinclair26\" />")
![White Mountains]], [[New Hampshire]] (USA) is an example of [[ecosystem ecology]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ecoecolfigure1.jpg?width=200 "White Mountains]], [[New Hampshire]] (USA) is an example of [[ecosystem ecology]]")
![The architecture of the [[inflorescence]] in grasses is subject to the physical pressures of wind and shaped by the forces of natural selection facilitating wind-pollination ([[anemophily]]).<ref name="Friedman04"/><ref name="Harder09"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Grassflowers.jpg?width=200 "The architecture of the [[inflorescence]] in grasses is subject to the physical pressures of wind and shaped by the forces of natural selection facilitating wind-pollination ([[anemophily]]).<ref name=\"Friedman04\"/><ref name=\"Harder09\"/>")
![The [[leaf]] is the primary site of [[photosynthesis]] in most plants.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Leaf 1 web.jpg?width=200 "The [[leaf]] is the primary site of [[photosynthesis]] in most plants.")
![nest]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Long-tailed Broadbill (Psarisomus dalhousiae).jpg?width=200 "nest]]")
![Interspecific interactions such as [[predation]] are a key aspect of [[community ecology]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004 edit1.jpg?width=200 "Interspecific interactions such as [[predation]] are a key aspect of [[community ecology]].")
!['''Parasitism:''' A harvestman [[arachnid]] being parasitized by [[mite]]s. The harvestman is being consumed, while the mites benefit from traveling on and feeding off of their host.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Parasitismus.jpg?width=200 "'''Parasitism:''' A harvestman [[arachnid]] being parasitized by [[mite]]s. The harvestman is being consumed, while the mites benefit from traveling on and feeding off of their host.")
![[[Sea otter]]s, an example of a keystone species](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sea otters holding hands, cropped.jpg?width=200 "[[Sea otter]]s, an example of a keystone species")
![[[Termite]] mounds with varied heights of chimneys regulate gas exchange, temperature and other environmental parameters that are needed to sustain the internal physiology of the entire colony.<ref name="Laland99" /><ref name="Hughes08"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Termite mound-Tanzania.jpg?width=200 "[[Termite]] mounds with varied heights of chimneys regulate gas exchange, temperature and other environmental parameters that are needed to sustain the internal physiology of the entire colony.<ref name=\"Laland99\" /><ref name=\"Hughes08\"/>")
Википедия
Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the study of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overlaps with the closely related sciences of biogeography, evolutionary biology, genetics, ethology, and natural history. Ecology is a branch of biology, and it is not synonymous with environmentalism.
Among other things, ecology is the study of:
- The abundance, biomass, and distribution of organisms in the context of the environment
- Life processes, interactions, and adaptations
- The movement of materials and energy through living communities
- The successional development of ecosystems
- Cooperation, competition, and predation within and between species
- Patterns of biodiversity and its effect on ecosystem processes
Ecology has practical applications in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries, mining, tourism), urban planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology).
The word ecology (German: Ökologie) was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel. The science of ecology as we know it today began with a group of American botanists in the 1890s. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection are cornerstones of modern ecological theory.
Ecosystems are dynamically interacting systems of organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living (abiotic) components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, nutrient cycling, and niche construction, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. Ecosystems have biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and abiotic components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and provide ecosystem services like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber, and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.
